Rare Metal and Rare Earths
Rare metals are naturally occurring metallic elements that are considered relatively scarce or challenging to extract.
Skarn Deposits
What is a Skarn Deposit? A skarn deposit is a type of ore deposit that is either directly associated with skarn rock or formed by processes related to skarn formation. Skarns are coarse-grained rocks formed by metasomatism process when carbonate-rich country rocks, typically limestone or dolomite which are altered by hot, ore bearing hydrothermal solution. … Read more
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Introduction A mineral deposit precipitated from hot, aqueous solution is called hydrothermal solutions. These solutions can originate from various sources, including: Sources of Hydrothermal Fluids The hydrothermal fluids can originate from various geological processes and locations. The Process of Hydrothermal Ore Deposit Formation The formation of a hydrothermal ore deposit is a complex process that … Read more
Physical properties of Minerals
Physical properties of minerals are distinct that in most cases can be used for their identification. By examining hand specimens by visual inspection or using a hand lens. Rarely is a mineral identified by a single property. These properties need to be considered together to correctly identify a mineral. All minerals have certain properties that … Read more
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957
The Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) provides a legal and regulatory framework for mining operations in India, including the granting of licences and leases, payment of royalties, and the development of minerals, ensuring that mining activities are conducted in a sustainable, transparent, and regulated manner. Below is a structured summary … Read more
Metallogenic Epocs and Provinces
Metallogeny is the study of the genesis of mineral deposits, with emphasis on their relationship in space and time to regional petrographic and tectonic features of the Earth’s crust. The term has been used for both metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits.
Primary Dispersion Halos and Secondary Dispersion Halos
The term “dispersion” describes how elements disseminated outwards from the place of its origin. A “dispersion halo” is defined as a region surrounding a mineral deposit, characterized by metal concentrations that are lower than the deposit itself but are comparatively higher than the background levels in the surrounding rocks. Dispersion halos can be classified as … Read more
Cement Grade Limestone
Cement serves as a crucial binder in construction, facilitating the setting, hardening, and adherence of various materials. Typically inorganic, cement used in construction primarily consists of lime or calcium silicate. Cement grade limestone, a specific type of limestone, serves as a vital raw material in cement production. The quantity of limestone required correlates directly with … Read more
Metallogeny through Time
Metallogeny is the study of how mineral deposits form and are distributed across regions and globally, focusing on their relationship to the Earth’s crust’s petrologic and tectonic features over time and space. The evolutionary sequence of changes in the Earth’s crust and mantle over geological time is now widely recognized. These transformations have played a … Read more
Internal Structure of the Earth
The Earth’s interior comprises different layers with varying physical properties and compositions. The layered structure of the Earth has been interpreted based on the studies of seismic waves, magnetic fields, meteorites, and other physical properties. Internal Structure Based on Chemical Composition Base on the chemical composition, the internal structure of the earth is divided majorly … Read more